class notes:
rhythm
ordering of music through time
dactylic
kind of rhythm that is long-short-short
triple
meter one accented beat followed by two weaker beats
duple
meter one-two, one-two (first beat is accented)
texture
refers to the amount of "voices"
unison
more than one is singing or on the same note
homophonic
"same" -phonic, when there is support from other voices
polyphonic
every line is a melody, or "many" = poly
timbre
the color/quality of the sound. What distinguishes one instrument from another
dynamics
range of softness to loudness
form
the way in which a work's individual units are put together. form is based on
three and only three
possible
strategies: 1) repetition, 2) variation, 3) and contrast. Possible form ideas
(common) are :
aabbc,
aabca, aba
genre
Symphony, sonata, song, are all examples. Reason for making different genres:
to appeal to different
audiences,
because of conventions that we follow; mash up : a song that is combined with
another to
create
a new piece.
Punk
rock A type of genre, developed from 1976 - 1978, which was in response to
popular rock and roll from
the
1970's, as an anti-establishment, anarchist, and anti-government voice.
Christian
A type of genre that has been around since the middle-ages/end of the Roman
empire. First began
as
chants. Contemporary music can be metal, rock and roll, alternative, pop, that
uses the word of
Jesus
Christ or Christian beliefs in their music.
Periods
in
Western
Music
Medieval
(476ad-1400), Renaissance (1500-1600), Baroque (1600-1750), Classical
(1750-1800),
Romantic
or 19th Century (1800-1900), and 20th Century (1900-present).
"Impressionistic is not a
period."
Medieval
ages Separate orders of medieval society: Oratores (Clergy), Bellatores
(Knights/nobility), and the
Laborares
(laborers/peasants).
Plain
Chant Largely monophonic music and "melismatic." Segregation of
voices due to "separate spheres." Latin
text,
and the text is drawn from the liturgy.
Melismatic
Having a single syllable drawn out over multiple notes in vocal music.
Medieval
music Didn't have standards for modes to use in music as we do now (like
melodic minor/major), but
instead,
had many different modes. In the court, there would be traveling musicians
known as
troubadours/trouveres/minnesingers.
They were the first court composers, and were hired as
teachers/performers/composers
and promoted courtly behavior and society, such as : chivalry and
courtly
love. Sometimes they contributed to the text.
Bernard
de
Ventadorn
Wrote
texts in early French. Was a minnesinger. Vernacular language and not in the
sacred language
of
the liturgy, or Latin.
Syllabic
One note per syllable
Hildegard
Founded a convent for women, wrote melismatic music, active in a lecture
circuit in areas around
Germany
and music and poetry. She was knowledgeable about science. Play of virtues a
character,
Satin,
pitted against sixteen virtues who are played by a chorus of singers. Wrote
melismatic chant,
monophonic
music,
Gregorian
chant
The
collection of chants that are attributed to pope Gregory the first.
Gregorian
chant
The
collection of chants that are attributed to pope Gregory the first.
2/11/13
Renaissance
period
Josquin
des Prez- French composer
William
Byrd - English composer
Historical
Context:
The
Enlightenment
Invention
of the printing press
Nobility
and Royalty were prominent
Instruments
used:
Organ
Early
wind, brass, and string instruments
Baroque
period:
Composers
(Prominent)
Claudio
Monteverdi
Barbara
Strozzi
Pachelbel
Vivaldi
Handel
J.s.
Bach
Scarlatti
Inventions:
Printing
Press
Early
forms developed : sonata, counterpoint, metered music, fugue, prelude,
concerti. Within a
concerto,
there would be ritornello = or return of the other instruments (without the
soloist).
Instruments
used:
Pianoforte
invented
Harpsichord
Classical
period:
Composers:
Beethoven
(Though he was the bridge into the Romantic period)
Mozart
Haydn
Billings
2/16/13
Vocables
- meaningless sung syllables
ABA
- a kind of form where there are three sections
Gregorian
chant - Chants written mostly by Pope Gregory I.
Terraced
- A melody that resolves on a low tone
Polyphony
- Where two or more voices of equal importance combine in such a way that each
voice
retains
its own identity
Cadence
- a brief stopping point at which the music pauses
Strophes
(Stanzas) - In a vocal piece, where the text shapes the form of the work.
Courtly
love- A love song written during the Middle Ages where a nobleman admires and
literally
sings
the praises of a noblewoman, even if and especially if she takes no interest in
him.
Heterophony
- When both instruments play the same melody at the same time, but one f them
plays
a more elaborate and embellished form of it. It's almost unison, except it is
not.
Humanism
- First began as a movement in the Renaissance, dominantly, which was an
intellectual
and
cultural movement that explored human interests and values through the pursuit
of science.
Renaissance
Era:
Renaissance
- Rebirth of forgotten arts and sciences that were lost during the Middle Ages.
Notes
about Renaissance : Lutheran Church doesn't stray too far from Catholic
traditions.
Composers
during this time - Du fay, Johannes Ockeghem, Josquin des Prez, Thomas Tallis,
Tielman
Susato,
Orlande de Lassus, William Byrd, Andrea Gabrieli, Thomas Weelkes.
Invention
of the Printing Press - =Occurred during the mid-15th century, allowed
composers to
achieve
international renowned s
-status.
Counterpoint
- a system of rules and procedures governing the composition of multiple
melodies
that
are not only satisfying when played alone but sound good when played together.
Ternary
form = ABA
Madrigal
- A musical setting of a text in a single strophe.
Iambic
- A rhythm in poetry in which the every other syllable follows this pattern,
first starting with
a
short duration then long; basically, short-long, short-long, short-long. This
effects the music
written
with lyrics/texts.
Anapestic
- Short-short-long, short-short-long, short-short-long
Trochaic
- Long-short, long-short, long-short
Syncopated
- Notes that run against the regular pulse of the musical meter.
Word
painting - Common in the Renaissance madrigal, is words that are very graphic,
like "To skip,"
"did
trip it."
Anthem
- what William Byrd used in his composition, "Sing Joyfully," which
is what composers who
wrote
for the Roman Catholic Church called a Motet, a sacred choral work.
A
cappella choral music - More than one singer to a part, without instrumental
accompaniment.
Imitative
counterpoint (imitative)- Particular style of counterpoint where one voice
enters the
piece,
and then another voice imitates the same melody.
Rhyme
singer - The lead singer in monophony during the Renaissance
Call-and-response
- The lead singer calls and the other parts respond.
Treble
line - Has two halves, where one goes up, then the other goes down.
Bass
- Occurs under the rhyme line as support. It typically dips in the middle of
the phrase, then
goes
back to a pitch near the beginning.
Baroque
era:
Highly
ornamented, constant movement, and virtuosic
Fugal
Texture : Repeat of the main theme in lower voices, Bach fugue in c minor book
1. Imitative
counterpoint.
One line introduces one line and another melody. Form : exposition, there are
two
parts:
subjective = melody, then the imitation of the subject, which is just a repeat
of the melody
in
a different voice. When the subject is gone, it moves on to the
"episode."
Oratorio
Handel
(born in the same year and died nearly on the same year): Both people are
German. He
wrote
a lot of operas. "Messiah."
Oratorio:
An opera that would be performed in a church. A liturgical drama.
Recitatives
= Segments sung without a development of melody.
Aria
= An operatic song with development of a melody.
Chorus
= "Hallelujah", by Handel, is an example.
Musical
Theatre
Opera
in the Baroque and
Classical
Eras
Developed
in the early 17th century. How drama could be explored through music.
Homophonic
texture.
Recitative
and Aria Aria, beautiful songs that one will remember. Recitative, less melodic
and it serves to
progress
the story. Individual (solo) musicians.
L'Orfeo
(Orpheus) Composed in 1607 by Monteverdi. Based on Greek mythology. Orpheus --
a Greek
musician
God. Uridous, his wife, gets bit by a fatal snake. He then goes to Hades to ask
to
be granted permission to return Uridous back to life.
Ukelali
Represents Hawaii as a individual state apart from United States
Ethnomusicology
Coined and developed by Jaap Kunst, a Dutch violinist in 1919
Gamelan
= single instrument
orchestra
An
instrument in Bhali, which is next to the island of Java. Gamelan = orchestra.
World's
Columbian
Exposition
in Chicago
Dutch
colonialism brought Western visitors to Java and Bali.
Increased
Western tourism
and
development of
Balinese
gong kebyar
1920's
World
Exposition in Paris 1889
Basso
continuo Continuous bass played during the Orpheus opera. It provides an
underlying harmony
and
bass line to the melody above.
Operetta
A spoken-play with music added to it. It's also smaller than an opera.
Recitative
It is heard as singing, but it's closer to speaking. Usually occurs in
operas/operettas. It
literally
means to recite.
Overture
A period when music is used to "calm down the audience" usually at
the beginning of an
opera
in the Baroque period. It had different functions later, as audiences respected
the
operatic
form more.
Purcell
An English composer in the 17th century who wrote his operas, including
"Aeneus and
Dido"
in English. He's considered the greatest English composer during the Baroque
period.
Comic
opera Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro" is considered a comedy. In
Italian, it's called "opera
buffa,"
which means buffoon. The plot does not have historical or mythical figure.
Instead
the characters are very believable, and don't behave as a symbol.
Made with Outline+
Music
and drama in
Film
Gives
a sense of time and place. Enhances the mood/emotion. Clarifies the plot or
narrative.
Is used to foreshadow plot elements. It communicates plot development.
Overture
Its purpose is to quiet the audience. It usually has pieces of all the songs of
the opera. It
foreshadows
the plot elements.
Crouching
Tiger, Hidden
Dragon
(2000)
Composed
by Tan Dun. A martial arts and foreign film, which was produced in Hong Kong.
Leitmotif
Vogner, "Valkuere." A short melodic segment that is attached to
characters, place, that come
back.
Western
Orchestra Grew in the late Renaissance along with Opera in the 17th centuries.
Vivaldi
(1678-1741) Italian composer. Four seasons is a collection of violin concertos.
Part of the baroque
period.
Four
violin concertos,
Each
of the concertos are split into three movements.
They
are defined by tempo. (Fast, slow, fast)
Ritonello
- The full orchestra
Solo
- With the soloist
During
Vivaldi, the modern violin is developed and the standard is set.
"Winter,"
first movement - Has a bass continuo. Alternates between ritonello, solo,
ritonello,
solo,
etc.
George
Frederic Handel
(1685
- 1759)
German
composer in the English court. Best known for the Messiah. Part of the baroque
period.
Water
music (1717) A collection of dance music, or a suite, composed by Handel. It
has strings, woodwinds, and
basso
continuo. Oboes, bassoon.
"Hornpipe"
- A dance in triple meter. Hornpipe was an instrument and a dance. Binary form:
AABBAABBAA
Cadence - pause between two
sections in a work or the end of a work.
